PUNKED by Luigi

It is a lot of fun annoying him, I would say. But when we are working, I have to be serious. So I was.

At one point, I got bored of waiting for someone, I think, so I said to him, "Hey, teach me to curse in spanish!"

He thought abit, then wrote "ojala te follen" in the worst handwriting i've ever seen on the piece of paper between us. I was happily trying to pronounce it and telling ND all about the new curse words I am learning when I stopped.

I asked, "So what does ojala te follen means?"
He said, "I wish you'd die"
I replied,"But that doesn't sound like much of a curse..."
He then said, "Actually it means, I wish you'd fuck me"
On hearing the word fuck I lit up and said, "So is it very bad???"
He said, "It is good!"


Then the tubelight that is me realised what it was all about. Damn!
Luigi - 1, Vuvie - 0!

A Layman's Guide to a Subset of ASN.1, BER, and DER

An RSA Laboratories Technical Note
Burton S. Kaliski Jr.
Revised November 1, 1993

Supersedes June 3, 1991 version, which was also published as NIST/OSI Implementors' Workshop document SEC-SIG-91-17. PKCS documents are available by electronic mail to .

Copyright (C) 1991-1993 RSA Laboratories, a division of RSA Data Security, Inc. License to copy this document is granted provided that it is identified as "RSA Data Security, Inc. Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS)" in all material mentioning or referencing this document.
003-903015-110-000-000

Abstract. This note gives a layman's introduction to a subset of OSI's Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), Basic Encoding Rules (BER), and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER). The particular purpose of this note is to provide background material sufficient for understanding and implementing the PKCS family of standards.

1. Introduction

It is a generally accepted design principle that abstraction is a key to managing software development. With abstraction, a designer can specify a part of a system without concern for how the part is actually implemented or represented. Such a practice leaves the implementation open; it simplifies the specification; and it makes it possible to state "axioms" about the part that can be proved when the part is implemented, and assumed when the part is employed in another, higher-level part. Abstraction is the hallmark of most modern software specifications.

One of the most complex systems today, and one that also involves a great deal of abstraction, is Open Systems Interconnection (OSI, described in X.200). OSI is an internationally standardized architecture that governs the interconnection of computers from the physical layer up to the user application layer. Objects at higher layers are defined abstractly and intended to be implemented with objects at lower layers. For instance, a service at one layer may require transfer of certain abstract objects between computers; a lower layer may provide transfer services for strings of ones and zeroes, using encoding rules to transform the abstract objects into such strings. OSI is called an open system because it supports many different implementations of the services at each layer.

OSI's method of specifying abstract objects is called ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One, defined in X.208), and one set of rules for representing such objects as strings of ones and zeros is called the BER (Basic Encoding Rules, defined in X.209). ASN.1 is a flexible notation that allows one to define a variety data types, from simple types such as integers and bit strings to structured types such as sets and sequences, as well as complex types defined in terms of others. BER describes how to represent or encode values of each ASN.1 type as a string of eight-bit octets. There is generally more than one way to BER-encode a given value. Another set of rules, called the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER), which is a subset of BER, gives a unique encoding to each ASN.1 value.

The purpose of this note is to describe a subset of ASN.1, BER and DER sufficient to understand and implement one OSI- based application, RSA Data Security, Inc.'s Public-Key Cryptography Standards. The features described include an overview of ASN.1, BER, and DER and an abridged list of ASN.1 types and their BER and DER encodings. Sections 2-4 give an overview of ASN.1, BER, and DER, in that order. Section 5 lists some ASN.1 types, giving their notation, specific encoding rules, examples, and comments about their application to PKCS. Section 6 concludes with an example, X.500 distinguished names.

Advanced features of ASN.1, such as macros, are not described in this note, as they are not needed to implement PKCS. For information on the other features, and for more detail generally, the reader is referred to CCITT Recommendations X.208 and X.209, which define ASN.1 and BER. Terminology and notation. In this note, an octet is an eight- bit unsigned integer. Bit 8 of the octet is the most significant and bit 1 is the least significant.

The following meta-syntax is used for in describing ASN.1 notation:

BIT	monospace denotes literal characters in the type and value notation; in examples, it generally denotes an octet value in hexadecimal
n1	bold italics denotes a variable
[]	bold square brackets indicate that a term is optional
{}	bold braces group related terms
|	bold vertical bar delimits alternatives with a group
...	bold ellipsis indicates repeated occurrences
=	bold equals sign expresses terms as subterms

2. Abstract Syntax Notation One

Abstract Syntax Notation One, abbreviated ASN.1, is a notation for describing abstract types and values.

In ASN.1, a type is a set of values. For some types, there are a finite number of values, and for other types there are an infinite number. A value of a given ASN.1 type is an element of the type's set. ASN.1 has four kinds of type: simple types, which are "atomic" and have no components; structured types, which have components; tagged types, which are derived from other types; and other types, which include the CHOICE type and the ANY type. Types and values can be given names with the ASN.1 assignment operator (::=) , and those names can be used in defining other types and values.

Every ASN.1 type other than CHOICE and ANY has a tag, which consists of a class and a nonnegative tag number. ASN.1 types are abstractly the same if and only if their tag numbers are the same. In other words, the name of an ASN.1 type does not affect its abstract meaning, only the tag does. There are four classes of tag:

Universal, for types whose meaning is the same in all applications; these types are only defined in X.208.

Application, for types whose meaning is specific to an application, such as X.500 directory services; types in two different applications may have the same application-specific tag and different meanings.

Private, for types whose meaning is specific to a given enterprise.

Context-specific, for types whose meaning is specific to a given structured type; context-specific tags are used to distinguish between component types with the same underlying tag within the context of a given structured type, and component types in two different structured types may have the same tag and different meanings.

The types with universal tags are defined in X.208, which also gives the types' universal tag numbers. Types with other tags are defined in many places, and are always obtained by implicit or explicit tagging (see Section 2.3). Table 1 lists some ASN.1 types and their universal-class tags.

Type	Tag number (decimal)	Tag number (hexadecimal)
INTEGER	2	02
BIT STRING	3	03
OCTET STRING	4	04
NULL	5	05
OBJECT IDENTIFIER	6	06
SEQUENCE and SEQUENCE OF	16	10
SET and SET OF	17	11
PrintableString	19	13
T61String	20	14
IA5String	22	16
UTCTime	23	17

Table 1. Some types and their universal-class tags.

ASN.1 types and values are expressed in a flexible, programming-language-like notation, with the following special rules:

• Layout is not significant; multiple spaces and line breaks can be considered as a single space.

• Comments are delimited by pairs of hyphens (--), or a pair of hyphens and a line break.

• Identifiers (names of values and fields) and type references (names of types) consist of upper- and lower-case letters, digits, hyphens, and spaces; identifiers begin with lower-case letters; type references begin with upper-case letters.

The following four subsections give an overview of simple types, structured types, implicitly and explicitly tagged types, and other types. Section 5 describes specific types in more detail.

2.1 Simple types

Simple types are those not consisting of components; they are the "atomic" types. ASN.1 defines several; the types that are relevant to the PKCS standards are the following:

BIT STRING, an arbitrary string of bits (ones and zeroes).

IA5String, an arbitrary string of IA5 (ASCII) characters.

INTEGER, an arbitrary integer.

NULL, a null value.

OBJECT IDENTIFIER, an object identifier, which is a sequence of integer components that identify an object such as an algorithm or attribute type.

OCTET STRING, an arbitrary string of octets (eight-bit values).

PrintableString, an arbitrary string of printable characters.

T61String, an arbitrary string of T.61 (eight-bit) characters.

UTCTime, a "coordinated universal time" or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) value.

Simple types fall into two categories: string types and non- string types. BIT STRING, IA5String, OCTET STRING, PrintableString, T61String, and UTCTime are string types.

String types can be viewed, for the purposes of encoding, as consisting of components, where the components are substrings. This view allows one to encode a value whose length is not known in advance (e.g., an octet string value input from a file stream) with a constructed, indefinite- length encoding (see Section 3).

The string types can be given size constraints limiting the length of values.

2.2 Structured types

Structured types are those consisting of components. ASN.1 defines four, all of which are relevant to the PKCS standards:

SEQUENCE, an ordered collection of one or more types.

SEQUENCE OF, an ordered collection of zero or more occurrences of a given type.

SET, an unordered collection of one or more types.

SET OF, an unordered collection of zero or more occurrences of a given type.

The structured types can have optional components, possibly with default values.

2.3 Implicitly and explicitly tagged types

Tagging is useful to distinguish types within an application; it is also commonly used to distinguish component types within a structured type. For instance, optional components of a SET or SEQUENCE type are typically given distinct context-specific tags to avoid ambiguity.

There are two ways to tag a type: implicitly and explicitly.

Implicitly tagged types are derived from other types by changing the tag of the underlying type. Implicit tagging is denoted by the ASN.1 keywords [class number] IMPLICIT (see Section 5.1).

Explicitly tagged types are derived from other types by adding an outer tag to the underlying type. In effect, explicitly tagged types are structured types consisting of one component, the underlying type. Explicit tagging is denoted by the ASN.1 keywords [class number] EXPLICIT (see Section 5.2).

The keyword [class number] alone is the same as explicit tagging, except when the "module" in which the ASN.1 type is defined has implicit tagging by default. ("Modules" are among the advanced features not described in this note.)

For purposes of encoding, an implicitly tagged type is considered the same as the underlying type, except that the tag is different. An explicitly tagged type is considered like a structured type with one component, the underlying type. Implicit tags result in shorter encodings, but explicit tags may be necessary to avoid ambiguity if the tag of the underlying type is indeterminate (e.g., the underlying type is CHOICE or ANY).

2.4 Other types

Other types in ASN.1 include the CHOICE and ANY types. The CHOICE type denotes a union of one or more alternatives; the ANY type denotes an arbitrary value of an arbitrary type, where the arbitrary type is possibly defined in the registration of an object identifier or integer value.

3. Basic Encoding Rules

The Basic Encoding Rules for ASN.1, abbreviated BER, give one or more ways to represent any ASN.1 value as an octet string. (There are certainly other ways to represent ASN.1 values, but BER is the standard for interchanging such values in OSI.)

There are three methods to encode an ASN.1 value under BER, the choice of which depends on the type of value and whether the length of the value is known. The three methods are primitive, definite-length encoding; constructed, definite- length encoding; and constructed, indefinite-length encoding. Simple non-string types employ the primitive, definite-length method; structured types employ either of the constructed methods; and simple string types employ any of the methods, depending on whether the length of the value is known. Types derived by implicit tagging employ the method of the underlying type and types derived by explicit tagging employ the constructed methods.

In each method, the BER encoding has three or four parts:

Identifier octets. These identify the class and tag number of the ASN.1 value, and indicate whether the method is primitive or constructed.

Length octets. For the definite-length methods, these give the number of contents octets. For the constructed, indefinite-length method, these indicate that the length is indefinite.

Contents octets. For the primitive, definite-length method, these give a concrete representation of the value. For the constructed methods, these give the concatenation of the BER encodings of the components of the value.

End-of-contents octets. For the constructed, indefinite- length method, these denote the end of the contents. For the other methods, these are absent.

The three methods of encoding are described in the following sections.

3.1 Primitive, definite-length method

This method applies to simple types and types derived from simple types by implicit tagging. It requires that the length of the value be known in advance. The parts of the BER encoding are as follows:

Identifier octets. There are two forms: low tag number (for tag numbers between 0 and 30) and high tag number (for tag numbers 31 and greater).

Low-tag-number form. One octet. Bits 8 and 7 specify the class (see Table 2), bit 6 has value "0," indicating that the encoding is primitive, and bits 5-1 give the tag number.

Class	Bit 8	Bit 7
universal	0	0
application	0	1
context-specific	1	0
private	1	1

Table 2. Class encoding in identifier octets.

High-tag-number form. Two or more octets. First octet is as in low-tag-number form, except that bits 5-1 all have value "1." Second and following octets give the tag number, base 128, most significant digit first, with as few digits as possible, and with the bit 8 of each octet except the last set to "1."

Length octets. There are two forms: short (for lengths between 0 and 127), and long definite (for lengths between 0 and 2^1008 -1).

Short form. One octet. Bit 8 has value "0" and bits 7-1 give the length.

Long form. Two to 127 octets. Bit 8 of first octet has value "1" and bits 7-1 give the number of additional length octets. Second and following octets give the length, base 256, most significant digit first.

Contents octets. These give a concrete representation of the value (or the value of the underlying type, if the type is derived by implicit tagging). Details for particular types are given in Section 5.

3.2 Constructed, definite-length method

This method applies to simple string types, structured types, types derived simple string types and structured types by implicit tagging, and types derived from anything by explicit tagging. It requires that the length of the value be known in advance. The parts of the BER encoding are as follows:

Identifier octets. As described in Section 3.1, except that bit 6 has value "1," indicating that the encoding is constructed.

Length octets. As described in Section 3.1.

Contents octets. The concatenation of the BER encodings of the components of the value:

• For simple string types and types derived from them by implicit tagging, the concatenation of the BER encodings of consecutive substrings of the value (underlying value for implicit tagging).

• For structured types and types derived from them by implicit tagging, the concatenation of the BER encodings of components of the value (underlying value for implicit tagging).

• For types derived from anything by explicit tagging, the BER encoding of the underlying value.

Details for particular types are given in Section 5.

3.3 Constructed, indefinite-length method

This method applies to simple string types, structured types, types derived simple string types and structured types by implicit tagging, and types derived from anything by explicit tagging. It does not require that the length of the value be known in advance. The parts of the BER encoding are as follows:

Identifier octets. As described in Section 3.2.

Length octets. One octet, 80.

Contents octets. As described in Section 3.2.

End-of-contents octets. Two octets, 00 00.

Since the end-of-contents octets appear where an ordinary BER encoding might be expected (e.g., in the contents octets of a sequence value), the 00 and 00 appear as identifier and length octets, respectively. Thus the end-of-contents octets is really the primitive, definite-length encoding of a value with universal class, tag number 0, and length 0.

4. Distinguished Encoding Rules

The Distinguished Encoding Rules for ASN.1, abbreviated DER, are a subset of BER, and give exactly one way to represent any ASN.1 value as an octet string. DER is intended for applications in which a unique octet string encoding is needed, as is the case when a digital signature is computed on an ASN.1 value. DER is defined in Section 8.7 of X.509.

DER adds the following restrictions to the rules given in Section 3:

1. When the length is between 0 and 127, the short form of length must be used

2. When the length is 128 or greater, the long form of length must be used, and the length must be encoded in the minimum number of octets.

3. For simple string types and implicitly tagged types derived from simple string types, the primitive, definite-length method must be employed.

4. For structured types, implicitly tagged types derived from structured types, and explicitly tagged types derived from anything, the constructed, definite-length method must be employed.

Other restrictions are defined for particular types (such as BIT STRING, SEQUENCE, SET, and SET OF), and can be found in Section 5.

5. Notation and encodings for some types

This section gives the notation for some ASN.1 types and describes how to encode values of those types under both BER and DER.

The types described are those presented in Section 2. They are listed alphabetically here.

Each description includes ASN.1 notation, BER encoding, and DER encoding. The focus of the encodings is primarily on the contents octets; the tag and length octets follow Sections 3 and 4. The descriptions also explain where each type is used in PKCS and related standards. ASN.1 notation is generally only for types, although for the type OBJECT IDENTIFIER, value notation is given as well.

5.1 Implicitly tagged types

An implicitly tagged type is a type derived from another type by changing the tag of the underlying type.

Implicit tagging is used for optional SEQUENCE components with underlying type other than ANY throughout PKCS, and for the extendedCertificate alternative of PKCS #7's ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate type.

ASN.1 notation:

[[class] number] IMPLICIT Type

class = UNIVERSAL | APPLICATION | PRIVATE

where Type is a type, class is an optional class name, and number is the tag number within the class, a nonnegative integer.

In ASN.1 "modules" whose default tagging method is implicit tagging, the notation [[class] number] Type is also acceptable, and the keyword IMPLICIT is implied. (See Section 2.3.) For definitions stated outside a module, the explicit inclusion of the keyword IMPLICIT is preferable to prevent ambiguity.

If the class name is absent, then the tag is context- specific. Context-specific tags can only appear in a component of a structured or CHOICE type.

Example: PKCS #8's PrivateKeyInfo type has an optional attributes component with an implicit, context-specific tag:

PrivateKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
 version Version,
 privateKeyAlgorithm PrivateKeyAlgorithmIdentifier,
 privateKey PrivateKey,
 attributes [0] IMPLICIT Attributes OPTIONAL }

Here the underlying type is Attributes, the class is absent (i.e., context-specific), and the tag number within the class is 0.

BER encoding. Primitive or constructed, depending on the underlying type. Contents octets are as for the BER encoding of the underlying value.

Example: The BER encoding of the attributes component of a PrivateKeyInfo value is as follows:

• the identifier octets are 80 if the underlying Attributes value has a primitive BER encoding and a0 if the underlying Attributes value has a constructed BER encoding

• the length and contents octets are the same as the length and contents octets of the BER encoding of the underlying Attributes value

DER encoding. Primitive or constructed, depending on the underlying type. Contents octets are as for the DER encoding of the underlying value.

5.2 Explicitly tagged types

Explicit tagging denotes a type derived from another type by adding an outer tag to the underlying type.

Explicit tagging is used for optional SEQUENCE components with underlying type ANY throughout PKCS, and for the version component of X.509's Certificate type.

ASN.1 notation:

[[class] number] EXPLICIT Type

class = UNIVERSAL | APPLICATION | PRIVATE

where Type is a type, class is an optional class name, and number is the tag number within the class, a nonnegative integer.

If the class name is absent, then the tag is context- specific. Context-specific tags can only appear in a component of a SEQUENCE, SET or CHOICE type.

In ASN.1 "modules" whose default tagging method is explicit tagging, the notation [[class] number] Type is also acceptable, and the keyword EXPLICIT is implied. (See Section 2.3.) For definitions stated outside a module, the explicit inclusion of the keyword EXPLICIT is preferable to prevent ambiguity.

Example 1: PKCS #7's ContentInfo type has an optional content component with an explicit, context-specific tag:

ContentInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
 contentType ContentType,
 content
   [0] EXPLICIT ANY DEFINED BY contentType OPTIONAL }

Here the underlying type is ANY DEFINED BY contentType, the class is absent (i.e., context-specific), and the tag number within the class is 0.

Example 2: X.509's Certificate type has a version component with an explicit, context-specific tag, where the EXPLICIT keyword is omitted:

Certificate ::= ...
 version [0] Version DEFAULT v1988,
...

The tag is explicit because the default tagging method for the ASN.1 "module" in X.509 that defines the Certificate type is explicit tagging.

BER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the BER encoding of the underlying value.

Example: the BER encoding of the content component of a ContentInfo value is as follows:

• identifier octets are a0

• length octets represent the length of the BER encoding of the underlying ANY DEFINED BY contentType value

• contents octets are the BER encoding of the underlying ANY DEFINED BY contentType value

DER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the DER encoding of the underlying value.

5.3 ANY

The ANY type denotes an arbitrary value of an arbitrary type, where the arbitrary type is possibly defined in the registration of an object identifier or associated with an integer index.

The ANY type is used for content of a particular content type in PKCS #7's ContentInfo type, for parameters of a particular algorithm in X.509's AlgorithmIdentifier type, and for attribute values in X.501's Attribute and AttributeValueAssertion types. The Attribute type is used by PKCS #6, #7, #8, #9 and #10, and the AttributeValueAssertion type is used in X.501 distinguished names.

ASN.1 notation:

ANY [DEFINED BY identifier]

where identifier is an optional identifier.

In the ANY form, the actual type is indeterminate.

The ANY DEFINED BY identifier form can only appear in a component of a SEQUENCE or SET type for which identifier identifies some other component, and that other component has type INTEGER or OBJECT IDENTIFIER (or a type derived from either of those by tagging). In that form, the actual type is determined by the value of the other component, either in the registration of the object identifier value, or in a table of integer values.

Example: X.509's AlgorithmIdentifier type has a component of type ANY:

AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE {
 algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
 parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL }

Here the actual type of the parameter component depends on the value of the algorithm component. The actual type would be defined in the registration of object identifier values for the algorithm component.

BER encoding. Same as the BER encoding of the actual value.

Example: The BER encoding of the value of the parameter component is the BER encoding of the value of the actual type as defined in the registration of object identifier values for the algorithm component.

DER encoding. Same as the DER encoding of the actual value.

5.4 BIT STRING

The BIT STRING type denotes an arbitrary string of bits (ones and zeroes). A BIT STRING value can have any length, including zero. This type is a string type.

The BIT STRING type is used for digital signatures on extended certificates in PKCS #6's ExtendedCertificate type, for digital signatures on certificates in X.509's Certificate type, and for public keys in certificates in X.509's SubjectPublicKeyInfo type.

ASN.1 notation:

BIT STRING

Example: X.509's SubjectPublicKeyInfo type has a component of type BIT STRING:

SubjectPublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
 algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier,
 publicKey BIT STRING }

BER encoding. Primitive or constructed. In a primitive encoding, the first contents octet gives the number of bits by which the length of the bit string is less than the next multiple of eight (this is called the "number of unused bits"). The second and following contents octets give the value of the bit string, converted to an octet string. The conversion process is as follows:

1. The bit string is padded after the last bit with zero to seven bits of any value to make the length of the bit string a multiple of eight. If the length of the bit string is a multiple of eight already, no padding is done.

2. The padded bit string is divided into octets. The first eight bits of the padded bit string become the first octet, bit 8 to bit 1, and so on through the last eight bits of the padded bit string.

In a constructed encoding, the contents octets give the concatenation of the BER encodings of consecutive substrings of the bit string, where each substring except the last has a length that is a multiple of eight bits.

Example: The BER encoding of the BIT STRING value "011011100101110111" can be any of the following, among others, depending on the choice of padding bits, the form of length octets, and whether the encoding is primitive or constructed:

03 04 06 6e 5d c0	DER encoding
03 04 06 6e 5d e0	padded with "100000"
03 81 04 06 6e 5d c0	long form of length octets
23 09 03 03 00 6e 5d 03 02 06 c0	constructed encoding: "0110111001011101" + "11"

DER encoding. Primitive. The contents octects are as for a primitive BER encoding, except that the bit string is padded with zero-valued bits.

Example: The DER encoding of the BIT STRING value "011011100101110111" is

03 04 06 6e 5d c0

5.5 CHOICE

The CHOICE type denotes a union of one or more alternatives.

The CHOICE type is used to represent the union of an extended certificate and an X.509 certificate in PKCS #7's ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate type.

ASN.1 notation:

CHOICE {
[identifier1] Type1,
...,
[identifiern] Typen }

where identifier1 , ..., identifiern are optional, distinct identifiers for the alternatives, and Type1, ..., Typen are the types of the alternatives. The identifiers are primarily for documentation; they do not affect values of the type or their encodings in any way.

The types must have distinct tags. This requirement is typically satisfied with explicit or implicit tagging on some of the alternatives.

Example: PKCS #7's ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate type is a CHOICE type:

ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate ::= CHOICE {
 certificate Certificate, -- X.509
 extendedCertificate [0] IMPLICIT ExtendedCertificate
}

Here the identifiers for the alternatives are certificate and extendedCertificate, and the types of the alternatives are Certificate and [0] IMPLICIT ExtendedCertificate.

BER encoding. Same as the BER encoding of the chosen alternative. The fact that the alternatives have distinct tags makes it possible to distinguish between their BER encodings.

Example: The identifier octets for the BER encoding are 30 if the chosen alternative is certificate, and a0 if the chosen alternative is extendedCertificate.

DER encoding. Same as the DER encoding of the chosen alternative.

5.6 IA5String

The IA5String type denotes an arbtrary string of IA5 characters. IA5 stands for International Alphabet 5, which is the same as ASCII. The character set includes non- printing control characters. An IA5String value can have any length, including zero. This type is a string type.

The IA5String type is used in PKCS #9's electronic-mail address, unstructured-name, and unstructured-address attributes.

ASN.1 notation:

IA5String

BER encoding. Primitive or constructed. In a primitive encoding, the contents octets give the characters in the IA5 string, encoded in ASCII. In a constructed encoding, the contents octets give the concatenation of the BER encodings of consecutive substrings of the IA5 string.

Example: The BER encoding of the IA5String value "test1@rsa.com" can be any of the following, among others, depending on the form of length octets and whether the encoding is primitive or constructed:

16 0d 74 65 73 74 31 40 72 73 61 2e 63 6f 6d	DER encoding
16 81 0d 74 65 73 74 31 40 72 73 61 2e 63 6f 6d	long form of length octets
36 13 16 05 74 65 73 74 31 16 01 40 16 07 72 73 61 2e 63 6f 6d	constructed encoding: "test1" + "@" + "rsa.com"

DER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are as for a primitive BER encoding.

Example: The DER encoding of the IA5String value "test1@rsa.com" is

16 0d 74 65 73 74 31 40 72 73 61 2e 63 6f 6d

5.7 INTEGER

The INTEGER type denotes an arbitrary integer. INTEGER values can be positive, negative, or zero, and can have any magnitude.

The INTEGER type is used for version numbers throughout PKCS, cryptographic values such as modulus, exponent, and primes in PKCS #1's RSAPublicKey and RSAPrivateKey types and PKCS #3's DHParameter type, a message-digest iteration count in PKCS #5's PBEParameter type, and version numbers and serial numbers in X.509's Certificate type.

ASN.1 notation:

INTEGER [{ identifier1(value1) ... identifiern(valuen) }]

where identifier1, ..., identifiern are optional distinct identifiers and value1, ..., valuen are optional integer values. The identifiers, when present, are associated with values of the type.

Example: X.509's Version type is an INTEGER type with identified values:

Version ::= INTEGER { v1988(0) }

The identifier v1988 is associated with the value 0. X.509's Certificate type uses the identifier v1988 to give a default value of 0 for the version component:

Certificate ::= ...
 version Version DEFAULT v1988,
...

BER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets give the value of the integer, base 256, in two's complement form, most significant digit first, with the minimum number of octets. The value 0 is encoded as a single 00 octet.

Some example BER encodings (which also happen to be DER encodings) are given in Table 3.

Integer value	BER encoding
0	02 01 00
127	02 01 7F
128	02 02 00 80
256	02 02 01 00
-128	02 01 80
-129	02 02 FF 7F

Table 3. Example BER encodings of INTEGER values.

DER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are as for a primitive BER encoding.

5.8 NULL

The NULL type denotes a null value.

The NULL type is used for algorithm parameters in several places in PKCS.

ASN.1 notation:

NULL

BER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are empty.

Example: The BER encoding of a NULL value can be either of the following, as well as others, depending on the form of the length octets:

05 00

05 81 00

DER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are empty; the DER encoding of a NULL value is always 05 00.

5.9 OBJECT IDENTIFIER

The OBJECT IDENTIFIER type denotes an object identifier, a sequence of integer components that identifies an object such as an algorithm, an attribute type, or perhaps a registration authority that defines other object identifiers. An OBJECT IDENTIFIER value can have any number of components, and components can generally have any nonnegative value. This type is a non-string type.

OBJECT IDENTIFIER values are given meanings by registration authorities. Each registration authority is responsible for all sequences of components beginning with a given sequence. A registration authority typically delegates responsibility for subsets of the sequences in its domain to other registration authorities, or for particular types of object. There are always at least two components.

The OBJECT IDENTIFIER type is used to identify content in PKCS #7's ContentInfo type, to identify algorithms in X.509's AlgorithmIdentifier type, and to identify attributes in X.501's Attribute and AttributeValueAssertion types. The Attribute type is used by PKCS #6, #7, #8, #9, and #10, and the AttributeValueAssertion type is used in X.501 distinguished names. OBJECT IDENTIFIER values are defined throughout PKCS.

ASN.1 notation:

OBJECT IDENTIFIER

The ASN.1 notation for values of the OBJECT IDENTIFIER type is

{ [identifier] component1 ... componentn }

componenti = identifieri | identifieri (valuei) | valuei

where identifier, identifier1, ..., identifiern are identifiers, and value1, ..., valuen are optional integer values.

The form without identifier is the "complete" value with all its components; the form with identifier abbreviates the beginning components with another object identifier value. The identifiers identifier1, ..., identifiern are intended primarily for documentation, but they must correspond to the integer value when both are present. These identifiers can appear without integer values only if they are among a small set of identifiers defined in X.208.

Example: The following values both refer to the object identifier assigned to RSA Data Security, Inc.:

{ iso(1) member-body(2) 840 113549 }
{ 1 2 840 113549 }

(In this example, which gives ASN.1 value notation, the object identifier values are decimal, not hexadecimal.) Table 4 gives some other object identifier values and their meanings.

Object identifier value	Meaning
{ 1 2 }	ISO member bodies
{ 1 2 840 }	US (ANSI)
{ 1 2 840 113549 }	RSA Data Security, Inc.
{ 1 2 840 113549 1 }	RSA Data Security, Inc. PKCS
{ 2 5 }	directory services (X.500)
{ 2 5 8 }	directory services-algorithms

Table 4. Some object identifier values and their meanings.

BER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are as follows, where value1, ..., valuen denote the integer values of the components in the complete object identifier:

1. The first octet has value 40 * value1 + value2. (This is unambiguous, since value1 is limited to values 0, 1, and 2; value2 is limited to the range 0 to 39 when value1 is 0 or 1; and, according to X.208, n is always at least 2.)

2. The following octets, if any, encode value3, ..., valuen. Each value is encoded base 128, most significant digit first, with as few digits as possible, and the most significant bit of each octet except the last in the value's encoding set to "1."

Example: The first octet of the BER encoding of RSA Data Security, Inc.'s object identifier is 40 * 1 + 2 = 42 = 2a16. The encoding of 840 = 6 * 128 + 4816 is 86 48 and the encoding of 113549 = 6 * 1282 + 7716 * 128 + d16 is 86 f7 0d. This leads to the following BER encoding:

06 06 2a 86 48 86 f7 0d

DER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are as for a primitive BER encoding.

5.10 OCTET STRING

The OCTET STRING type denotes an arbitrary string of octets (eight-bit values). An OCTET STRING value can have any length, including zero. This type is a string type.

The OCTET STRING type is used for salt values in PKCS #5's PBEParameter type, for message digests, encrypted message digests, and encrypted content in PKCS #7, and for private keys and encrypted private keys in PKCS #8.

ASN.1 notation:

OCTET STRING [SIZE ({size | size1..size2})]

where size, size1, and size2 are optional size constraints. In the OCTET STRING SIZE (size) form, the octet string must have size octets. In the OCTET STRING SIZE (size1..size2) form, the octet string must have between size1 and size2 octets. In the OCTET STRING form, the octet string can have any size.

Example: PKCS #5's PBEParameter type has a component of type OCTET STRING:

PBEParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
 salt OCTET STRING SIZE(8),
 iterationCount INTEGER }

Here the size of the salt component is always eight octets.

BER encoding. Primitive or constructed. In a primitive encoding, the contents octets give the value of the octet string, first octet to last octet. In a constructed encoding, the contents octets give the concatenation of the BER encodings of substrings of the OCTET STRING value.

Example: The BER encoding of the OCTET STRING value 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef can be any of the following, among others, depending on the form of length octets and whether the encoding is primitive or constructed:

04 08 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef	DER encoding
04 81 08 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef	long form of length octets
24 0c 04 04 01 23 45 67 04 04 89 ab cd ef	constructed encoding: 01 ... 67 + 89 ... ef

DER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are as for a primitive BER encoding.

Example: The BER encoding of the OCTET STRING value 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef is

04 08 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef

5.11 PrintableString

The PrintableString type denotes an arbitrary string of printable characters from the following character set:

A, B, ..., Z
a, b, ..., z
0, 1, ..., 9
(space) ' ( ) + , - . / : = ?

This type is a string type.

The PrintableString type is used in PKCS #9's challenge- password and unstructured-address attributes, and in several X.521 distinguished names attributes.

ASN.1 notation:

PrintableString

BER encoding. Primitive or constructed. In a primitive encoding, the contents octets give the characters in the printable string, encoded in ASCII. In a constructed encoding, the contents octets give the concatenation of the BER encodings of consecutive substrings of the string.

Example: The BER encoding of the PrintableString value "Test User 1" can be any of the following, among others, depending on the form of length octets and whether the encoding is primitive or constructed:

13 0b 54 65 73 74 20 55 73 65 72 20 31	DER encoding
13 81 0b 54 65 73 74 20 55 73 65 72 20 31	long form of length octets
33 0f 13 05 54 65 73 74 20 13 06 55 73 65 72 20 31	constructed encoding: "Test " + "User 1"

DER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are as for a primitive BER encoding.

Example: The DER encoding of the PrintableString value "Test User 1" is

13 0b 54 65 73 74 20 55 73 65 72 20 31

5.12 SEQUENCE

The SEQUENCE type denotes an ordered collection of one or more types.

The SEQUENCE type is used throughout PKCS and related standards.

ASN.1 notation:

SEQUENCE {
[identifier1] Type1 [{ OPTIONAL | DEFAULT value1}],
...,
[identifiern] Typen [{ OPTIONAL | DEFAULT valuen}]}

where identifier1 , ..., identifiern are optional, distinct identifiers for the components, Type1, ..., Typen are the types of the components, and value1, ..., valuen are optional default values for the components. The identifiers are primarily for documentation; they do not affect values of the type or their encodings in any way.

The OPTIONAL qualifier indicates that the value of a component is optional and need not be present in the sequence. The DEFAULT qualifier also indicates that the value of a component is optional, and assigns a default value to the component when the component is absent.

The types of any consecutive series of components with the OPTIONAL or DEFAULT qualifier, as well as of any component immediately following that series, must have distinct tags. This requirement is typically satisfied with explicit or implicit tagging on some of the components.

Example: X.509's Validity type is a SEQUENCE type with two components:

Validity ::= SEQUENCE {
 start UTCTime,
 end UTCTime }

Here the identifiers for the components are start and end, and the types of the components are both UTCTime.

BER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the concatenation of the BER encodings of the values of the components of the sequence, in order of definition, with the following rules for components with the OPTIONAL and DEFAULT qualifiers:

• if the value of a component with the OPTIONAL or DEFAULT qualifier is absent from the sequence, then the encoding of that component is not included in the contents octets

• if the value of a component with the DEFAULT qualifier is the default value, then the encoding of that component may or may not be included in the contents octets

DER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the same as the BER encoding, except that if the value of a component with the DEFAULT qualifier is the default value, the encoding of that component is not included in the contents octets.

5.13 SEQUENCE OF

The SEQUENCE OF type denotes an ordered collection of zero or more occurrences of a given type.

The SEQUENCE OF type is used in X.501 distinguished names.

ASN.1 notation:

SEQUENCE OF Type

where Type is a type.

Example: X.501's RDNSequence type consists of zero or more occurences of the RelativeDistinguishedName type, most significant occurrence first:

RDNSequence ::= SEQUENCE OF RelativeDistinguishedName

BER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the concatenation of the BER encodings of the values of the occurrences in the collection, in order of occurence.

DER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the concatenation of the DER encodings of the values of the occurrences in the collection, in order of occurence.

5.14 SET

The SET type denotes an unordered collection of one or more types.

The SET type is not used in PKCS.

ASN.1 notation:

SET {
[identifier1] Type1 [{ OPTIONAL | DEFAULT value1}],
...,
[identifiern] Typen [{ OPTIONAL | DEFAULT valuen}]}

where identifier1, ..., identifiern are optional, distinct identifiers for the components, Type1, ..., Typen are the types of the components, and value1, ..., valuen are optional default values for the components. The identifiers are primarily for documentation; they do not affect values of the type or their encodings in any way.

The OPTIONAL qualifier indicates that the value of a component is optional and need not be present in the set. The DEFAULT qualifier also indicates that the value of a component is optional, and assigns a default value to the component when the component is absent.

The types must have distinct tags. This requirement is typically satisfied with explicit or implicit tagging on some of the components.

BER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the concatenation of the BER encodings of the values of the components of the set, in any order, with the following rules for components with the OPTIONAL and DEFAULT qualifiers:

• if the value of a component with the OPTIONAL or DEFAULT qualifier is absent from the set, then the encoding of that component is not included in the contents octets

• if the value of a component with the DEFAULT qualifier is the default value, then the encoding of that component may or may not be included in the contents octets

DER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the same as for the BER encoding, except that:

1. If the value of a component with the DEFAULT qualifier is the default value, the encoding of that component is not included.

2. There is an order to the components, namely ascending order by tag.

5.15 SET OF

The SET OF type denotes an unordered collection of zero or more occurrences of a given type.

The SET OF type is used for sets of attributes in PKCS #6, #7, #8, #9 and #10, for sets of message-digest algorithm identifiers, signer information, and recipient information in PKCS #7, and in X.501 distinguished names.

ASN.1 notation:

SET OF Type

where Type is a type.

Example: X.501's RelativeDistinguishedName type consists of zero or more occurrences of the AttributeValueAssertion type, where the order is unimportant:

RelativeDistinguishedName ::=
 SET OF AttributeValueAssertion

BER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the concatenation of the BER encodings of the values of the occurrences in the collection, in any order.

DER encoding. Constructed. Contents octets are the same as for the BER encoding, except that there is an order, namely ascending lexicographic order of BER encoding. Lexicographic comparison of two different BER encodings is done as follows: Logically pad the shorter BER encoding after the last octet with dummy octets that are smaller in value than any normal octet. Scan the BER encodings from left to right until a difference is found. The smaller-valued BER encoding is the one with the smaller-valued octet at the point of difference.

5.16 T61String

The T61String type denotes an arbtrary string of T.61 characters. T.61 is an eight-bit extension to the ASCII character set. Special "escape" sequences specify the interpretation of subsequent character values as, for example, Japanese; the initial interpretation is Latin. The character set includes non-printing control characters. The T61String type allows only the Latin and Japanese character interepretations, and implementors' agreements for directory names exclude control characters [NIST92]. A T61String value can have any length, including zero. This type is a string type.

The T61String type is used in PKCS #9's unstructured-address and challenge-password attributes, and in several X.521 attributes.

ASN.1 notation:

T61String

BER encoding. Primitive or constructed. In a primitive encoding, the contents octets give the characters in the T.61 string, encoded in ASCII. In a constructed encoding, the contents octets give the concatenation of the BER encodings of consecutive substrings of the T.61 string.

Example: The BER encoding of the T61String value "cl'es publiques" (French for "public keys") can be any of the following, among others, depending on the form of length octets and whether the encoding is primitive or constructed:

14 0f 63 6c c2 65 73 20 70 75 62 6c 69 71 75 65 73	DER encoding
14 81 0f 63 6c c2 65 73 20 70 75 62 6c 69 71 75 65 73	long form of length octets
34 15 14 05 63 6c c2 65 73 14 01 20 14 09 70 75 62 6c 69 71 75 65 73	constructed encoding: "cl'es" + " " + "publiques"

The eight-bit character c2 is a T.61 prefix that adds an acute accent (') to the next character.

DER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are as for a primitive BER encoding.

Example: The DER encoding of the T61String value "cl'es publiques" is

14 0f 63 6c c2 65 73 20 70 75 62 6c 69 71 75 65 73

5.17 UTCTime

The UTCTime type denotes a "coordinated universal time" or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) value. A UTCTime value includes the local time precise to either minutes or seconds, and an offset from GMT in hours and minutes. It takes any of the following forms:

YYMMDDhhmmZ
YYMMDDhhmm+hh'mm'
YYMMDDhhmm-hh'mm'
YYMMDDhhmmssZ
YYMMDDhhmmss+hh'mm'
YYMMDDhhmmss-hh'mm'

where:

YY is the least significant two digits of the year

MM is the month (01 to 12)

DD is the day (01 to 31)

hh is the hour (00 to 23)

mm are the minutes (00 to 59)

ss are the seconds (00 to 59)

Z indicates that local time is GMT, + indicates that local time is later than GMT, and - indicates that local time is earlier than GMT

hh' is the absolute value of the offset from GMT in hours

mm' is the absolute value of the offset from GMT in minutes

This type is a string type.

The UTCTime type is used for signing times in PKCS #9's signing-time attribute and for certificate validity periods in X.509's Validity type.

ASN.1 notation:

UTCTime

BER encoding. Primitive or constructed. In a primitive encoding, the contents octets give the characters in the string, encoded in ASCII. In a constructed encoding, the contents octets give the concatenation of the BER encodings of consecutive substrings of the string. (The constructed encoding is not particularly interesting, since UTCTime values are so short, but the constructed encoding is permitted.)

Example: The time this sentence was originally written was 4:45:40 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time on May 6, 1991, which can be represented with either of the following UTCTime values, among others:

"910506164540-0700"

"910506234540Z"

These values have the following BER encodings, among others:

17 0d 39 31 30 35 30 36 32 33 34 35 34 30 5a

17 11 39 31 30 35 30 36 31 36 34 35 34 30 2D 30 37 30 30

DER encoding. Primitive. Contents octets are as for a primitive BER encoding.

6. An example

This section gives an example of ASN.1 notation and DER encoding: the X.501 type Name.

6.1 Abstract notation

This section gives the ASN.1 notation for the X.501 type Name.

Name ::= CHOICE {
 RDNSequence }

RDNSequence ::= SEQUENCE OF RelativeDistinguishedName

RelativeDistinguishedName ::=
 SET OF AttributeValueAssertion

AttributeValueAssertion ::= SEQUENCE {
  AttributeType,
  AttributeValue }

AttributeType ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER

AttributeValue ::= ANY

The Name type identifies an object in an X.500 directory. Name is a CHOICE type consisting of one alternative: RDNSequence. (Future revisions of X.500 may have other alternatives.)

The RDNSequence type gives a path through an X.500 directory tree starting at the root. RDNSequence is a SEQUENCE OF type consisting of zero or more occurences of RelativeDistinguishedName.

The RelativeDistinguishedName type gives a unique name to an object relative to the object superior to it in the directory tree. RelativeDistinguishedNameSET OF type consisting of zero or more occurrences of AttributeValueAssertion.

The AttributeValueAssertion type assigns a value to some attribute of a relative distinguished name, such as country name or common name. AttributeValueAssertion is a SEQUENCE type consisting of two components, an AttributeType type and an AttributeValue type.

The AttributeType type identifies an attribute by object identifier. The AttributeValue type gives an arbitrary attribute value. The actual type of the attribute value is determined by the attribute type.

6.2 DER encoding

This section gives an example of a DER encoding of a value of type Name, working from the bottom up.

The name is that of the Test User 1 from the PKCS examples [Kal93]. The name is represented by the following path:

(root)
|
countryName = "US"
|
organizationName = "Example Organization"
|
commonName = "Test User 1"

Each level corresponds to one RelativeDistinguishedName value, each of which happens for this name to consist of one AttributeValueAssertion value. The AttributeType value is before the equals sign, and the AttributeValue value (a printable string for the given attribute types) is after the equals sign.

The countryName, organizationName, and commonUnitName are attribute types defined in X.520 as:

attributeType OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
 { joint-iso-ccitt(2) ds(5) 4 }

countryName OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { attributeType 6 }

organizationName OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
 { attributeType 10 }

commonUnitName OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
 { attributeType 3 }

6.2.1 AttributeType

The three AttributeType values are OCTET STRING values, so their DER encoding follows the primitive, definite-length method:

06 03 55 04 06	countryName
06 03 55 04 0a	organizationName
06 03 55 04 03	commonName

The identifier octets follow the low-tag form, since the tag is 6 for OBJECT IDENTIFIER. Bits 8 and 7 have value "0," indicating universal class, and bit 6 has value "0," indicating that the encoding is primitive. The length octets follow the short form. The contents octets are the concatenation of three octet strings derived from subidentifiers (in decimal): 40 * 2 + 5 = 85 = 5516; 4; and 6, 10, or 3.

6.2.2 AttributeValue

The three AttributeValue values are PrintableString values, so their encodings follow the primitive, definite-length method:

13 02 55 53	"US"
13 14 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 4f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e	"Example Organization"
13 0b 54 65 73 74 20 55 73 65 72 20 31	"Test User 1"

The identifier octets follow the low-tag-number form, since the tag for PrintableString, 19 (decimal), is between 0 and 30. Bits 8 and 7 have value "0" since PrintableString is in the universal class. Bit 6 has value "0" since the encoding is primitive. The length octets follow the short form, and the contents octets are the ASCII representation of the attribute value.

6.2.3 AttributeValueAssertion

The three AttributeValueAssertion values are SEQUENCE values, so their DER encodings follow the constructed, definite-length method:

30 09 06 03 55 04 06 13 02 55 53	countryName = "US"
30 1b 06 03 55 04 0a 13 14 ... 6f 6e	organizationName = "Example Organization"
30 12 06 03 55 04 0b 13 0b ... 20 31	commonName = "Test User 1"

The identifier octets follow the low-tag-number form, since the tag for SEQUENCE, 16 (decimal), is between 0 and 30. Bits 8 and 7 have value "0" since SEQUENCE is in the universal class. Bit 6 has value "1" since the encoding is constructed. The length octets follow the short form, and the contents octets are the concatenation of the DER encodings of the attributeType and attributeValue components.

6.2.4 RelativeDistinguishedName

The three RelativeDistinguishedName values are SET OF values, so their DER encodings follow the constructed, definite-length method:

31 0b
  30 09 ... 55 53

31 1d
  30 1b ... 6f 6e

31 14
  30 12 ... 20 31

The identifier octets follow the low-tag-number form, since the tag for SET OF, 17 (decimal), is between 0 and 30. Bits 8 and 7 have value "0" since SET OF is in the universal class Bit 6 has value "1" since the encoding is constructed. The lengths octets follow the short form, and the contents octets are the DER encodings of the respective AttributeValueAssertion values, since there is only one value in each set.

6.2.5 RDNSequence

The RDNSequence value is a SEQUENCE OF value, so its DER encoding follows the constructed, definite-length method:

30 42
  31 0b ... 55 53
  31 1d ... 6f 6e
  31 14 ... 20 31

The identifier octets follow the low-tag-number form, since the tag for SEQUENCE OF, 16 (decimal), is between 0 and 30. Bits 8 and 7 have value "0" since SEQUENCE OF is in the universal class. Bit 6 has value "1" since the encoding is constructed. The lengths octets follow the short form, and the contents octets are the concatenation of the DER encodings of the three RelativeDistinguishedName values, in order of occurrence.

6.2.6 Name

The Name value is a CHOICE value, so its DER encoding is the same as that of the RDNSequence value:

30 42 31 0b 30 09 06 03 55 04 06 13 02 55 53 31 1d 30 1b 06 03 55 04 0a 13 14 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 4f 72 67 67 61 6e 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e 31 14 30 12 06 03 55 04 03 13 0b 54 65 73 74 20 55 73 65 72 20 31

attributeType = countryName attributeValue = "US" attributeType = organizationName attributeValue = "Example Organization" attributeType = commonName attributeValue = "Test User 1"

References

PKCS #1 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #1: RSA Encryption Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.

PKCS #3 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #3: Diffie-Hellman Key- Agreement Standard. Version 1.4, November 1993.

PKCS #5 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #5: Password-Based Encryption Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.

PKCS #6 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #6: Extended-Certificate Syntax Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.

PKCS #7 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.

PKCS #8 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #8: Private-Key Information Syntax Standard. Version 1.2, November 1993.

PKCS #9 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #9: Selected Attribute Types. Version 1.1, November 1993.

PKCS #10 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax Standard. Version 1.0, November 1993.

X.200 CCITT. Recommendation X.200: Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection for CCITT Applications. 1984.

X.208 CCITT. Recommendation X.208: Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). 1988.

X.209 CCITT. Recommendation X.209: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). 1988.

X.500 CCITT. Recommendation X.500: The Directory--Overview of Concepts, Models and Services. 1988.

X.501 CCITT. Recommendation X.501: The Directory-- Models. 1988.

X.509 CCITT. Recommendation X.509: The Directory-- Authentication Framework. 1988.

X.520 CCITT. Recommendation X.520: The Directory-- Selected Attribute Types. 1988.

[Kal93] Burton S. Kaliski Jr. Some Examples of the PKCS Standards. RSA Laboratories, November 1993.

[NIST92] NIST. Special Publication 500-202: Stable Implementation Agreements for Open Systems Interconnection Protocols. Part 11 (Directory Services Protocols). December 1992.

Revision history

June 3, 1991 version

The June 3, 1991 version is part of the initial public release of PKCS. It was published as NIST/OSI Implementors' Workshop document SEC-SIG-91-17.

November 1, 1993 version

The November 1, 1993 version incorporates several editorial changes, including the addition of a revision history. It is updated to be consistent with the following versions of the PKCS documents:

PKCS #1: RSA Encryption Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.

PKCS #3: Diffie-Hellman Key-Agreement Standard. Version 1.4, November 1993.

PKCS #5: Password-Based Encryption Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.

PKCS #6: Extended-Certificate Syntax Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.

PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.

PKCS #8: Private-Key Information Syntax Standard. Version 1.2, November 1993.

PKCS #9: Selected Attribute Types. Version 1.1, November 1993.

PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax Standard. Version 1.0, November 1993.

The following substantive changes were made:

Section 5: Description of T61String type is added.

Section 6: Names are changed, consistent with other PKCS examples.

Author's address

Burton S. Kaliski Jr., Ph.D.
Chief Scientist
RSA Laboratories              (415) 595-7703
100 Marine Parkway            (415) 595-4126 (fax)
Redwood City, CA  94065  USA  burt@rsa.com

**** copied from http://luca.ntop.org/Teaching/Appunti/asn1.html

Arguing: Precedence

He: What are you doing?
Me: Fixing my DIY chair.
He: You know if you do that, you will just sit on your lazy ass on your Mac and not finish bookshelves.
Me: But I want to sit on my pretty flowery chair!
He: Doesn't have lumbar support.
Me: I don't need lumbar support. I've tested it for lotus position. You know that is how I like to sit.
He: Fine. Still... You should fix the bookshelf first!
Me: I WANT TO SIT ON MY PRETTY FLOWERY CHAIR. See the huge ass flower? Anyways, can you confirm if that ugly cabinet is part of the contract? If it isn't I want to throw it away. Doesn't seem to match their furniture outside.
He: The owner did say they had some old furnitures here.
Me: Fine. If they want it back later, just tell them I've dismantled the cabinet and use the wood to make this table. Same difference.
He: You are mad, you know that?

Regretting: when I...

Me: Hey! I thought you confirmed dinner tonight?
Tim: Yes. Sorry about that. Just discovered that I may have kidney stone due to extreme pain in kidney. Now in Singapore Hospital A&E.
Me: Oh... You are kidding,right?
Tim: Kid you for what? Really in pain! Now in SGH :)
Me: *thinks to self... maybe it's a joke. Just ignore the message*

Much later...

Peggy: Tim said he will join us.
Me: So the kidney thing was a joke, lah!
Peggy: No, it's real. Just that doctor said he doesn't need to be hospitalised. So he is joining us for dinner.
Me: What? Ok... Whatever.


We met, talked, had dinner. Started talking about work. We have the same ambitions. We've graduated from "hell" Syn, as much as we were tortured then, it'd molded us into fearless warriors. Nothing is too difficult, sometimes normal life is even... boring!

Running: After the Plane

We had a surreal time in Bangkok.
It was a shopping trip & boy did we shop.




Peng checked the departure for BKK-SIN and she told us, 8:15pm. And we did not doubt it at all.

We reached the hotel at 5pm, took our bags. Then Peng's face changed. She'd look at the e-ticket again and realised departure is at... 6:15pm!!!

Breathe, breathe. Breathe everyone, d@mn it.

We were pensive for a while. Then I took the ticket and started calling their hotline.

After a few attempts, I got someone on the line.

Me: Good afternoon, I have some enquiries but first of all, let me give you my ticket number.
Her: Sawasdee... oh yes.
Me: <gave her my ticket number>. *So here begins the Hustle moves* I am stuck in Bangkok traffic and I am worried if I might miss the flight.
Her: This is departing Bangkok at 6:15pm.
Me: Yes, I am aware of that. I will reach the airport before 5:30pm I am sure.
*Cab driver kept saying 15 minutes will reach. Yea, right!*
Her: Oooh... Miss, but you miss the check-in already. The counter is closed 45 minutes before take-off.
Me: Yes, that is the reason I am calling. Can I check-in over the phone?
*frantically reading the fine prints now*
Her: No, miss, you cannot. We do not provide replacement, either. You will have to buy another ticket back to SIN. The earliest we have is tomorrow at 11:00am.
Me: Well, this is not an acceptable answer to me. I need to get back by today. I was on the cab since 3:30 but it is raining causing horrible traffic at Bangkok city. This is really out of my control. *Thomas shot me a Liar!-look*
Her: I am sorry, miss.
Me: I am very sorry myself too, but the fact is just that. I am stuck in the traffic for hours already, frantically calling your hotline since an hour ago.
Her: Eerr...
Me: Fine, tell me what can I do?
Her: Eeerr...
Me: Tell me. What can I do?
Her: Next flight or you can call the airport and get the flight lists.
Me: Alright. Fine... Give me that number.

I was quiet. I had to think...
What can we do? Assume the worst now. That we cannot get on board this one. After all, it is budget.
We can take the train from Bangkok to Singapore. Fly to KL and take a train from there. Rent a car and drive all the way back. It is just Bangkok. Very near!

The cab is slowing down; we are reaching the airport.

Ok, Vuvie, do or die. I took out my hairband and tie my hair in a ponytail.

I said to everyone,"I am going to dash to the check-in counter and do what I do best. I am going to act now. Don't you guys say anything. Help me get my bags from the cab, ok? I have 2 bags. Two bags."
Thomas nodded, "Got it!"
I shouted,"What is the time now?"
Thomas replied,"5:45"

As I was getting out of the cab, I got into character and practised smiling.

Ran to the airlines' counters. Which one? Which one? Ok this line is short. Queue here. Wait, let's see the ticketing person. Male. Good. I can work with that.

Then came my turn.

I smiled widely at him and said,"Good evening! I called earlier and was told to be here latest by 6 if I want to catch the 6:15 flight. Apparently, I made it! Here I am." *toothy smile*

He looked at my passport and ticket, turned around to the person behind him who started talking into the walkie-talkie. She said something to him.

He said,"Ok, you can check-in. How many person?"

I turned to the gang and beckoned. 3 person with around 9 bags among themselves ran forward. He was quite taken aback.

He stood up and looked at our things,"No time to check-in. You can take this up?"

We all screamed,"Yes!"

He issued the boarding passes.

I was thinking, "What just happened? Oh man... I've just used the techniques Jerry taught me. When dealing with those telco b@stard$."

We rushed to the customs. Almost 6. Every queue has at least twenty people.
This is not happening! I cannot miss the plane because of custom queue! This is not fair!

Thomas went up to a Thai Passport custom officer; explained our situation and got us cleared.

I went in first. Time: 6:00 on the dot. I didn't wait for the rest. Started running to the gate. What was it I read on the fine prints again? Oh, yes. Last boarding is 10 minutes before take off. Because this is budget, if you miss it, there is no replacement.

What if I do miss it?
Once I reach, I will make a fuss if they:
1. Won't let me in because I am a few minutes late to boarding. I will just blame it on the security checks.
2. Won't let my friends in.

I am ready to be blacklisted by them if I have to

I kept running even though I was so tired and my legs felt like giving way. What tennis, I thought. This is exercise enough! I've only 10 minutes to get from customs to the boarding gate and it is waaaaaaaaaaaaaay back at the end!
*Later, Thomas said he ran so much he sprained his ass and started limping.
My brother laughed so hard and said, Well imagine you were chased by dogs and you will not stop running. I said, I think I was. "What? the customs released dogs, go chase that girl with the red bag?" "No, lah, I meant I did feel like I was chased by dogs because I cannot stop at all"

I made to the boarding gate security at 6:10. Ok cool. If they refuse me from boarding later, I will say because these people delayed me.

Officer: Any forms of liquids?
Me: Yes, you see, I was late and they told me to bring my luggage on board. So all my toiletteries' in this bag.
Officer: Any forms of liquids?
Me: *one second pause* No.
Officer: You are not allowed to bring any liquids more than 100ml on board.
Me: *took my mineral water out of my sling bag* This is all.
Officer: I throw this.
Me: By all means.

Held my breath when they scan the luggage.
I got through!!! Turned around. The gang is right behind me. Jumped, waived and signed like a spastic that I will go to the plane first to stop them from leaving. Thomas waved.

Ran to the boarding gate. The officers were looking at me when I screamed,"3 friends are right behind!!!"
One replied,"We know. You go ahead first"

I ran up the plane. Perspiring like mad. Took a seat.
Where are they? why aren't they here yet? I refused to sit down. Kept standing. Every 3 minutes, I will stop a stewardess to tell them to check on my friends.
Now, I am quite sure they are stuck because of the liquid checks.

One stewardess poked her head through the door and said to me,"Your keys?"
I knew it! Someone was holding my duffel bag and toiletteries bag is in it.
I ran out and bumped into Thomas. He said, "They need your key".
I know.

Ran up the stairs; they retained my passport, thought to myself, I am really going to sprain something soon. I am so tired, I will be able to walk later.

Peng was there with my duffel. I ran to her and opened the bag.
The officer looked in and didn't know what to do.

I have tons of habits and one of them is packing my bags like Matryoshka doll. So I gestured that I will do it myself and took out the smallest toiletteries bag. I opened it up and he snatched my sunblock. He checked and told me he is sorry but he had to throw that out. I said, "By all means!"

The airline lady ran to us, pointed at her watch and told us we had to get on board now. All the time, Peng had this pained guilty look on her face. I looked over at her and smiled.
I said,"It's ok, the whole plane can wait for us. We don't need to run. Just walk." She just glanced at me; eyes teary. As I was getting my passport back and she was doing her boarding, she whispered,"I am sorry."

It hurts me so, that she felt so guilty. I thought it was all quite fun. What an adventure! Here I was thinking this is such a boring shopping trip. My brain was seriously bored. I even wished I'd brought my book along to read. Dang, I even called one of my colleague and talked to him while he was transiting in Changi. THAT is how bored I was.

So I am glad this happened. It was mad! And I love it! What a fantastic, crazy adventure.

Watching: Dr. Who

Oh No! The Doctor! Is regenerating... Noo.... I will miss you, David Tennant. You made me want to be travel with you. I would love to be your companion....

Saying: Wow... so true!

Cleaning the house big time. Like I am going to move out this month or something.

Found this written on one of my credit card statement:

Nothing is worse than missing an opportunity that can change your life.

I think I heard it from Grey's Anatomy or something. Good one there.

Trying: MS Outlook add share mailbox

Tools -->Email Accounts -->View/Change existing email accounts

-->MS Exchange (Change)

Button: More Settings

Tab: Advanced

Mailboxes
Button: Add

Add mailbox:
*Search by logical name

Disbelieving: When I spent my morning

editting HTML tags.

It all started when I realised how messy my fonts are. And then I realised I don't want to start editting each of my more than 20 posts.

So I started to edit the HTML Template to get the global settings right. I don't think much of HTML, by the way.

Worst of all, I was even tidying the unnecessary tags in my posts because I want to keep them clean.

God, I can't believe I did that! I am like a freaking teenager.
[He said, "I don't think a teenager would've cared"].

I will go kill myself now.

Teching... somewhat: Fonts

Those who knows me will know I am somewhat obsessed with fonts.

So I was a little upset when I reviewed and realised that almost all my fonts are in serif. You see, even though I do not claim to know much about graphics, I know one thing.

Only use sans-serif font with online/web publishing. So imagine how pissed I was when I realised vanity blog was mostly in serif.
So here is the part where you need to change in:
Layout--> Edit Html

Add a new variable for the new font type.




Adjust the font accordingly in your post body structure.

.post-body {
font:$postfont;
font-size/* */:/**/small;
font-size: /**/small;
}


To understand briefly the need of serif & sans-serif font distinction for print and online publishing, go here:


http://www.scribe.com.au/tip-w017.htm


Ascii character for html.

Maths symbols for html.

Sighing: All I wanna do is import my posts

The number 1 reason for this blog: To STOP clustering the vanity blog.

So I spent the whole morning looking for ways to import the posts from one blogger to another and there's none.

I've even subscribed to the blogger forum and some smartass said, "Oh, just copy the text from source post to destination post."

Well, that is not importing to me. That is just that; copy and paste.
You will lose your comments and timestamp, you blistering 1d10t.

But in the process I found the great war of blog space and tons of howto and tools for migrating from blogger to wordpress.
[This seems like a great how to: http://www.blogherald.com/2007/12/14/blogger-sucks-wanna-move-to-wordpress/]

I've never been impressed with wordpress even though I do not have an account with them. I wasn't even too impressed with blogger initially but for the lesser of the 2 evils, I've chosen blogger.

I refuse to host my own blog as of now because I don't want the hassle.

Now Google, do something about this already.
Make it easier to split blogs. Import posts... I am sticking with you for now.

There are some helps and news out there for blogger:

1. BloggerInDraft: Drafted features.
2. Best practices when moving site by Google Webmaster
3. RSS feed to Facebook from tech-recipes.
4. Blogger FAQ blog (unofficial)
5. Customising your blog with Blogger University
6. Googleblog ; eer this is my space... if my scatterbrain wanna put this in, so be it.

Totally unrelated; Google to have their own social networking tool ala Facebook?

Pondering: He said, "Let's move to Japan. Permanently"

I say, "In 2 years' time. I've been accepted into the Masters program and I am taking it. So ya, in 2 years' time! You just have to wait."

But my brain was racing... We've stopped being us. So why?

I told OverPaid PA. He asked, "You moved here for him, didn't you?"
Well, yeah. But if we do this, then there will be that invisible string attached.

My deadline is in 2 years anyway. Let's see... because the apartment lease ends in 2 years. I will finish my program by then....

But you broke up with me. So it is not acceptable for "us" to move anywhere together.

Today, when you hug me, I realised I am really over you.

Teching: Network Monitoring Tool

The title intrigued me:

Gandalf! Monitor Your Machines with Hobbit

So I had to read it. Basically it is another SNMP thingamie but I am biased towards it's name of course. Hobbit. How cute.

But there are a slew of pretty complete/complex open source tools out there like nagios, to name but an extremely widely used one.

So what did the author site as an advantage to using Hobbit?

I would say the fact that:

1. There's portage for Debian/Ubuntu and RPM for Fedora Core 5. For the rest of the distro, you've gotta build from source, but it ain't that hard, really.
2. Easy to config compared to nagios or Big Brother etc.
3. Ready to graph data collected with personalised scripts == which translates to flexibility.

I will try this if I want a home setup.

B1tching: The Unrealistic Curve

Me: The people here are either very smart or very stupid. What Bell Curve? It is tits curve here!
Overpaid PA: Hahaha. I like that!